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CIRP CSI 2024 Lawing et al
For centuries, optics have been designed using flat and spherical surfaces due to both the relative ease of manufacturing and measuring these surfaces. Freeform optical systems, which are defined as surfaces which have no axis of rotational invariance [1, 2], are becoming more feasible due to...
CIRP CSI 2024 Tunesi et al
Single crystal germanium (Ge) is well suited for the manipu-lation of infrared (IR) light, due in part, to its high transmittance for wavelengths of 1 μm to 12 μm [1]. It is currently used in various optical components that include thermal imaging and sensor devices, IR windows, and night vision systems [2]. To...
Zare et al 2023
Single crystal Ge is a semiconductor that has broad applications, especially in manipulation
of infrared light. Diamond machining enables the efficient production of surfaces
with tolerances required by the optical industry. During machining of anisotropic single
crystals, the cutting direction with...
Manufacturing Letters Germanium Speed Effect 2023
In this study the mechanical response of single crystal Ge machined over a range of cutting speeds of two orders of magnitude was investigated. Single crystal (100)Ge was machined by on-axis turning with a single crystal diamond tool. Surface topography was characterized by atomic force microscopy, and cutting and thrust forces...
Sizemore et al Ge Machining Machine Learning 2022
Ultra-precision machining is the primary process for producing optics for infrared systems including those for thermal imaging, night vision, and other applications. Materials used in infrared optics are typically brittle and include germanium, zinc selenide, zinc sulfide and chalcogenide glass. It has been shown that...